Density Dependence and Environment
Combine to Determine Mule Deer Abundances.

Solid circles: abundance index of mule deer in a region of Oregon (Sprague Unit, Winema National Forest). Open circles: one-step predicted values from a fitted Ricker model with environmental covariates (weather & habitat). See: Peek, J. M., Dennis, B., and Hershey, T. 2002. Predicting population trend of mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management (in press), and also Dennis, B. and M. R. M. Otten. 2000. Joint effects of density dependence and rainfall on abundance of San Joaquin kit fox. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 388-400.